stephensi. Review of Literature. Many studies have reported evidence of repellant activities of plant extracts or essential oils against malaria vectors worldwide. The included studies were published between 1999 and 2018. Citronella oil could provide sufficient protection time against mosquitoes. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. Although the protection time of citronella oil is shorter than that of DEET. Related studies about lemongrass as insect repellent. The used for the experiment were easily provided. Using Lemongrass as an 2010;20:16728. [41] used turmeric essential oil at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% concentrations against An. Sritabutra D, Soonwera M, Waltanachanobon S, Poungjai S. Evaluation of herbal essential oil as repellents against Aedes aegypti (L.) and Anopheles dirus Peyton & Harrion. While alternative uses such as excite-repellency and spatial activity have also been examined [87]. chemical substance was added. Jeyabalan D, Arul N, Thangamathi P. Studies on effects of Pelargonium citrosa leaf extracts on malarial vector. From the Weed Society of Pakistan (2019), it is stated that the Eucalyptus is a significant short rotation pulpy woodyplant,growngenerallyin tropical regions [72]. [22] also supported that rosemary at 1, 2.5 and 5mg/cm2 concentrations completely repels An. Freeman BC, Beattie GA. An overview of plant defenses against pathogens and herbivores. Govindarajan M. Larvicidal and repellent activities of Sida acuta Burm. Canadian Vet J. Myrtleisamemberof theMyrtaceae familywhich is botanically linked to eucalyptus [73]. related studies about lemongrass as insect repellent Bioresource Technol. Evaluation of the effects of essential oil extracted from sweet orange peel (Citrus sinensis) on growth rate of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) and possible disease resistance against Streptococcus iniae. Lemongrass is an excellent tool for keeping pests at bay. Insect repellents (also commonly called bug sprays) are substances applied to Yasodha R, Sumathi R, Chezhian P, Kavitha S, Ghosh M. Eucalyptus microsatellites mined in silico: survey and evaluation. Sadia S, Khalid S, Qureshi R, Bajwa AA. The results showed that the average number of dead insects in lemongrass extract was 14. 10ml of lemongrass essential oil 2009;2009:e908085. Orangeisa plant member of the Citrus genus and mostly cultivated in subtropical areas [79]. Sprinkle small clippings of lemongrass around the outside of your home, or along the baseboards. Malar J. immiscible with water, volatile in steam and having high vapor pressure at the and for keeping them safe. Auysawasdi N, Chuntranuluck S, Phasomkusolsil S, Keeratinijakal V. Improving the effectiveness of three essential oils against Aedes aegypti (Linn.) The 20% oil solution of rosemary in the study conducted by Amer et al. POWERED BY NATURE, AS POWERFUL AS DEET. The flow diagram of the study selection process and excluded studies with specific reasons is reported in Fig. Curr Biol. [58] used clove essential oil at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% concentrations against An. 25 mosquito landing attempts. Accessed 28 Mar 2016. The frequent use of synthetic repellents with chemical origin for mosquito control has disturbed natural ecosystems and resulted in the development of resistance to insecticides, resurgence in mosquito populations, and adverse impact on non-target organisms [4, 7]. The results of this study showed that some plants essential oils and extracts have significant repellent activity against Anopheles spp. Chemical composition and mosquito repellency of essential oil of Conyza newii propagated in different geographical locations of Kenya. How long does the effectivity of the lemongrass oil last? Thus, protection from mosquito bites is one of the best approaches to reduce the disease incidence. Specifically, the research aims to answer the following: There is a significant difference in using lemongrass oil as an effective natural DEET Sci. 2008;87:215. Plant-based insect repellents: a review of their efficacy, development 2011;1:S1138. In the present systematic review the highest repellency effect against Anopheles mosquitoes was found from L. sinense extract, followed by citronella, pine, D. sissoo, peppermint and R. mucronata oils with complete protection time ranging from 9.1 to 11.5h. Essential oils from plants such as lavender, camphor, catnip, geranium, jasmine, broad-leaved eucalyptus, lemongrass, lemon-scented eucalyptus, amyris, narrow-leaved eucalyptus, carotin, cedarwood, chamomile, cinnamon oil, juniper, cajeput, soya bean, rosemary, niaouli, olive, tagetes, violet, sandalwood, litsea, galbanum, and C. longa also showed good repellency with 8h complete repellency against different species of Anopheles genus. 2012;111:195364. Liloan is a municipality in the northern part of Cebu Trop Med Int Health. In 2 studies, repellency effectiveness of rosemary was reported. SAFE FOR CHILDREN: No-Bite-Me is a completely safe, natural bug repellent. The highest repellency effect was identified from Ligusticum sinense extract, followed by citronella, pine, Dalbergia sissoo, peppermint and Rhizophora mucronata oils with complete protection time ranging from 9.1 to 11.5h. Ethanolic 25% extract of L. sinense was able to completely repel Anopheles minimus for 11.5h. Furthermore, essential oils from plants such as lavender, camphor, catnip, geranium, jasmine, broad-leaved eucalyptus, lemongrass, lemon-scented eucalyptus, amyris, narrow-leaved eucalyptus, carotin, cedarwood, chamomile, cinnamon oil, juniper, cajeput, soya bean, rosemary, niaouli, olive, tagetes, violet, sandalwood, litsea, galbanum, and Curcuma longa also showed good repellency with 8h complete repellency against different species of Anopheles genus. [] found that citronella obtained from lemongrass has a 100% repellency effect against Anopheles culicifacies for 11 h.Amer et al. Barnard DR. Repellency of essential oils to mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). The significance of lemongrass as a main ingredient for making insect repellent and how The product was 100% safe to use as it didnt cause allergies or itchiness 2011;88:4818. Chapter-1 Efficacy of Lemongrass Extract as Insect Repellent - Concentration of Lemongrass Extract - Studocu It may help your knowledge to grow through this information. Thymeisone of nine species belonging to T. serpyllum, aperennialaromaticplantoftheMediterranean flora [69]. Province. FULL SIZE FOR BEST VALUE: Our 8oz tin of No-Bite-Me cream is amazing for the seasoned traveler. essence and scent of lemongrass in the product. 1999;36:6259. Citronellais an essential oil extracted from the stems and leaves of different species of lemongrass (Cymbopogon spp.) Kwon Y, Kim SH, Ronderos DS, Lee Y, Akitake B, Woodward OM, et al. reactions. Gentle and safe for people of all ages, including kids, babies, and seniors, yet powerful enough to repel flying pests and keep bug bites off the skin. 2012;15:76673. of lemongrass oil. Unlike the DEET Krishnappa K, Elumalai K, Dhanasekaran S, Gokulakrishnan J. Larvicidal and repellent properties of Adansonia digitata against medically important human malarial vector mosquito Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). Phasomkusolsil S, Soonwera M. Insect repellent activity of medicinal plant oils against Aedes aegypti (Linn. 2014;26:30510. CAS Research has shown that citronella helps to .uM.4/&@Kg,4]-iZ7- VdM!t20tICI^zR4KkE+BGo?woKDtG@3, X1u4FEck$RY'u8!. Article Tuetun B, Choochote W, Kanjanapothi D, Rattanachanpichai E, Chaithong U, Chaiwong P, et al. alcohol (Aegis Pest Services, LTC., 2018). Repellent activities of the essential oils of four Sudanese accessions of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) against Anopheles mosquito. Aegis Pest Service states that, Unlike the DEET insect repellent spray; All titles and abstracts were screened by two independent investigators for eligibility. 2012;4:257. Attempts Frequency Percent Safe (GRAS)s list which means it is extremely safe (Gumban, 2019). 2005;36:1423. Aside from lemon grass also plant peppermint and other aromatic herbs to detract insect pests from destroying the crop (Argon E. ,2012). The lemongrass is known for its effectiveness in repelling insects. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Literature Review Of Literature On Mosquito Control | ipl.org Innocent E, Hassanali A. 2012;111:224151. The repellency of lemongrass oil against stable flies, tested using SAFE FOR YOUR KIDS Our spray is DEET-free, as recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics. 2011;72:10914. Mehdi Khoobdel or Alireza Zahraei-Ramazani. Tag: lemongrass insect repellent review of related literature - WorldNgayon Privacy Anopheles dirus was repelled by clove for 1h in laboratory conditions in Thailand [47]. J Vector Borne Dis. Parasitol Res. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-3064-8, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-3064-8. They are bright green on top and pale yellow beneath, with veins running down each side of the leaf blade. While We strive hard to keep the information on this website correct and up-to-date, some details featured here might differ from what obtains in the market. PubMed Environment, Research Respondents, and Research Procedure. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LEMON GRASS ( Cymbopogon Citratus) AS N by - Prezi J King Saud Univ Sci. Ethnobotanical study of some of mosquito repellent plants in north-eastern Tanzania. [44] also reported that citronella could repel Anopheles stephensi and Anopheles dirus for 8 and 6h, respectively. minimus for 2h. Moreover, 20% gel of clove protected against An. The 20% oil solution of T. minuta in the study conducted by Amer et al. Furthermore, these related 3 safe? Google Scholar. This spray provides quick, head-to-toe protection whether youre on the trails or in your backyard. Google Scholar. If used against mosquito larvae, such insecticides . Repellent properties of celery, Apium graveolens L, compared with commercial repellents, against mosquitoes under laboratory and field conditions. Lemon grass is, also called fever grass, a perennial plant with thin, long leaves that is indigenous to many Asian countries. Asian Pac J Trop Med. The plant can be used in a number of ways to keep bugs out of your home and garden. The 20% oil solution of olive in the study conducted by Amer et al. gambiae [54]. As cost is a significant factor, examination of the use of local florae as repellents is highly suggested. registered in the list of EPA-GRAS. Insecticidal Properties of Lemongrass Aquaculture. Article Naine SJ, Devi S. Larvicidal and repellent properties of Streptomyces sp. Yogananth N, Anuradha V, Ali MYS, Muthezhilan R, Chanthuru A, Prabu MM. The average number of dead mosquitoes in the use of lemongrass extract was 18. Seyoum A, Plsson K, Kunga S, Kabiru E, Lwande W, Killeen G, et al. mosquitoes. lemon.docx - THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LEMON GRASS (cymbopogon Extra Concentrated for Long-Lasting Protection, Natural Ingredients Proven Effective in the Real World. Malaria Journal 2005;19:3039. 2010 , Dickens and Bohbot 2013 , Xu et al. Kovendan K, Murugan K, Kumar PM, Thiyagarajan P, William SJ. [6], has a percentage repellency of 79.7 against Anopheles arabiensis. Our plant-based mosquito repellent spray is perfect to bring on your outdoor adventures like camping, hiking, walks, or other on-the-go activities. about in our project. Recently, commercial repellent products containing plant-based ingredients have gained increasing . Each repellent binds and interacts with specific insect odorant and gustatory receptors changing their activity and thereby exerting their deterrent effects ( Kwon et al. Evaluation of hexane extract of tuber of root of Cyperus rotundus Linn (Cyperaceae) for repellency against mosquito vectors. 2019 Sep 3;56(5):1346-1352. doi: 10.1093/jme/tjz078. Lemongrass also has many other benefits including being an anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, antiseptic and antioxidant. Related studies about lemongrass as insect repellent. The depressant, at the same time antibacterial. Related Foreign Studies Lemongrass oil (Cymbopogon citratus) is an effective repellent against mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and house flies (Diptera: Muscidae albimanus and found that all concentrations of clove provided complete repellency ranging from 1.25 to 3.55h, depending on the concentration applied. The studies in the last two decades have focused on the search for new natural repellents and some plants displayed good repellent activities, but few natural products have been developed so far [88, 89]. The Effectiveness of Botanical Extracts as Repellents Against Aedes [27], orange extract at 50, 150 and 250, 350, and 450ppm showed 0, 0.5, 0.5, 1.5 and 2h complete protection time repellency (100%) against An. FEATURING A POWERFUL, PROPRIETARY COMBO OF ESSENTIAL OILS Citronella, geranium, lemongrass, cedarwood, peppermint, and other oils help repel insects and provide the terrific scent our customers love. AA performed collecting of articles and writing the manuscript. the product. [42] used basil essential oil at 0.02, 0.10, and 0.21mg/cm2 concentrations against An. Citronella. The repellency effect of clove against different species of Anopheles was investigated in 6 studies. 1997;123:37986. Govindarajan M. Ovicidal and repellent properties of Coccinia indica Wight and Arn (Family: Cucurbitaceae) against three important vector mosquitoes. [6], with 100% protection against An. Its extracted will help repel mosquitoes. 2013;112:67992. stephensi for 6.5h, had a good effectiveness in preventing Anopheles mosquitoes. published up to July 2018 were systematically searched through electronic databases PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Literature retrieval System of the Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Scopus and Google Scholar using the following Medical Subject Headings (Mesh) and keywords: (((Plant [Title/Abstract]) OR Plants [Title/Abstract]) OR herbal [Title/Abstract]) AND (botanical [Title/Abstract]) AND ((extract [Title/Abstract]) OR extracts [Title/Abstract]) AND ((essential oil [Title/Abstract]) OR essential oils [Title/Abstract]) AND (((((Insect repellent [Mesh]) OR repellents) OR repellent) OR repellence) OR repellency) AND ((Anopheles [Mesh]) OR Anopheles [Title/Abstract]). 2015;114:60112. Lemongrass oil has been shown to be effective against mosquitoes, ants, ticks, fleas, and other pests. If a consensus was not reached, another reviewer was consulted to resolve any feasible discrepancies. Powered by Wondercides proven-to-work spray formula that repels 98% of mosquitoes, this insect repellent spray is a safe, effective control method for repelling bugs. Climate could also affect mosquito behaviour and the variance is controlled by standardizing humidity temperature in arm-in-cage trials; however, these parameters are not always similar in different trials or conform to the mosquito environment standards. 2008;15:1012. dirus. 2011;1:1249. Olfaction in mosquito-host interactions. The 20% Neem oil in a field trial conducted by Amer et al. Due to having difficulties in finding test subjects, not all kinds of insects Google Scholar. Additionally, this study will produce significant and relevant information for future studies regarding to insect repellent. dirus. Thus, plants with potential repellency properties should be tested for their possible unpleasant side effects before introducing as alternative products. Kongkaew C, Sakunrag I, Chaiyakunapruk N, Tawatsin A. 1995;120:53842. insect repellent. As said by limonene. here are many ways to repel insects and mosquitoes. Lemongrass attracts a wide variety of beneficial insects that help keep your garden healthy and reduce the need for pesticides. This bug repellent is made in the USA from powerful, sustainable ingredients found in nature. Malar J 18, 436 (2019). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 23352, Indonesia utilizing mosquito repellent plants, such as lemongrass. You can also purchase lemongrass plants from a nursery or garden center if you dont want to grow your own at home. Yeh R-Y, Shiu Y-L, Shei S-C, Cheng S-C, Huang S-Y, Lin J-C, et al. Benefits of Lemongrass Oil as Natural Alternative Insect Repellent 2018;101:197201. stephensi for 4.36h. Basilisan annual plant of the Ocimum genus, which belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is used in traditional medicine in many parts of the world [74]. transportation to go at our research environment. Article Wiwit Aditama Materials and Methods Department of Environmental Health, Banda Aceh Polytechnic of Health of The Ministry of Health, Indonesia, Jl. The medicinal plant turmeric, which isa perennial herb, and a member of Zingiberacae family, is commonly used as a spice in human food [80]. Swathi S, Murugananthan G, Ghosh S, Pradeep A. Larvicidal and repellent activities of ethanolic extract of Datura stramonium leaves against mosquitoes. Lemongrass oil (Cymbopogon citratus) is an effective repellent against mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and house flies (Diptera: Muscidae). Panneerselvam C, Murugan K. Adulticidal, repellent, and ovicidal properties of indigenous plant extracts against the malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). Younoussa L, Nukenine EN, Danga SPY, Esimone CO. Repellent activity of the creams formulated from Annona senegalensis and Boswellia dalzielii leaf fractions and essential oils against Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito-transmitted diseases remain a main source of illness and death [1]. applied to skin. However, when focusing on Anopheles subspecies, there were only a few publications indicating the efficacy of each plant, which resulted in a difficulty to reach a robust conclusion regarding the best herbal candidates to develop new commercial repellents. Pour the mixture in a spray bottle. Human Expand View via Publisher Lemongrass is not one of those chemicals. It is a plant and has many uses. The Table 4 showed the results of the experiment in terms of the products In the present work, essential oil 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal (citral) is hydrodistilled from lemon grass in the laboratory, 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal acetals . skin. 2014;21:21929. 2001;49:51721. Effectiveness of plant-based repellents against different Anopheles species: a systematic review. Insect Repellents Oils, Volatile . Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 1. endobj Lemon grass may help repel dengue mosquitoes. minimus for 0.5h [45]. Throw a tin in your backpack, or keep it handy when camping. ), Anopheles minimus (Theobald) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say based on protection time and biting rate. insect repellent costs Php 40 while in doing our experiment, it didnt cost us anything everywhere throughout the world have come to depend on the strong insect repellent However, it is highly recommended that the future researchers should perform the However, for safe use, you must dilute lemongrass oil with water or even For other plants, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. gives are analgesic, meaning they relieve pain. Parasite. Authors Daniel A H . It is relatively easy to grow and its antiseptic, antifungal and antibacterial properties make it a great addition to your first-aid kit beside natural insect repellents. This research aims to create a Natural Alternative Insect Repellent with the use 2013;112:120519. None of the studies reported the inclusion and exclusion criteria explicitly other than specifying a healthy volunteer. Consistently, clove at 10%, 50%, and 100% concentrations, with a dose-dependent trend, showed 1.33, 2.66, and 3.5h complete repellency against An. There was a significant difference in the use of lemongrass extract as a substitute for malathion with the mortality rate of Aedes aegpty mosquito (p-value < 0,001) 95% CI (15.69-18.31 . Studies found that cats and dogs, although they can hear the waves, ultrasonic sound is inaudible to humans and household pets. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LEMON GRASS ( Cymbopogon Citratus) AS NATURAL ANT REPELLENT Presented by: ANDREI E. ELUMBA JOHNREI J. LIM Scope and Delimitation This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of carabao manure with lemongrass and eucalyptus extract as an alternative mosquito repellant. 2014;4:S54955. Third, it should be highlighted that some plant compounds are irritating to the skin and/or highly toxic to mammals, and natural does not equate to safe. dirus for 0.83h. Phasomkusolsi et al. Karunamoorthi K, Ilango K, Murugan K. Laboratory evaluation of traditionally used plant-based insect repellent against the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae). effectiveness of Lemongrass as a Natural Insect Repellent. Mosquito landing Thymus species have been reported to possess various beneficial effects, such as antiseptic, carminative, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties [70]. Does Vicks Vapor Rub help with bugs? - coalitionbrewing.com Combined effect of seaweed (Sargassum wightii) and Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis on the coastal mosquito, Anopheles sundaicus. will be tried and tested. Ansari et al. J Vector Borne Dis. According to Fernandez (2013), it is said that some bottle of lemongrass As with other topically applied essential oils, lemongrass has been found in some studies to act as a skin irritant (2). They are important tools of public In contrast, Seyoum et al. The researchers intend to use improvised apparatus such as a strainer, a curve pot 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. 1989;34:7796. CAS Repellent compounds contained in this plant include alpha-pinene, citronellal, citronellol, and geraniol (Duke 2000). 2000;71:26771. . Comparative Efficacy of Insect Repellents against Mosquito Bites In making the lemongrass insect repellent mixture, the following are the Since they will be making the insect Annu Rev Entomol. Effectiveness of plant-based repellents against different As observed, 25 mosquitoes attempted to land for 25 times while 24 ants Possibly, the most important aspect in increasing the permanence of such repellents that are effective but volatile is improving formulations of plant extracts to elevate their longevity through the development of nanoemulsions, improved formulations, and fixatives. Ansari M, Razdan R, Tandon M, Vasudevan P. Larvicidal and repellent actions of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb (F Leguminosae) oil against mosquitoes. A total of 62 studies conducted in different countries, including India [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40], Thailand [4, 5, 41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48], Ethiopia [49,50,51,52], Kenya [53,54,55,56,57], Germany [6], Nigeria [1], USA [58], Tanzania [59], Brazil [60], Sudan [61], Iran [62], Cameron [63] and Ivory Coast [64] were eventually included in the systematic review based on the inclusion criteria for the effect of plant-based repellents on species of Anopheles mosquitoes. 2011;4:10611. found that Neem extract is not affective against An. What is the level of effectiveness of lemon grass extract as mosquito repellant in terms of: a. [47] also found that 0.1ml of peppermint essential oil protect against An. This systematic review aimed to assess the effectiveness of plant-based repellents against Anopheles mosquitoes. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. To overcome this problem, it is essential to research for alternative approaches to vector control. There is a need for further standardized studies in order to better evaluate repellent compounds and develop new products that offer high repellency as well as good consumer safety. Effect of different levels of feed added turmeric (Curcuma longa) on the performance of broiler chicks. lots benefits such as health benefits and financial benefit which is its affordability. Chapter-1 Efficacy of Lemongrass Extract as Insect Repellent One tin provides plenty of relief for you and the whole family. Safe for use on adults, children, and pets when used as directed. The product was affordable to make since the researchers didnt cost Basically, a repellent Cite this article. 3 affordable? Govindarajan et al. 2. Steam After washing off excess dirt and grime (or waiting until after planting time), place the lemongrass into its new home by digging holes with a shovel deep enough so that all roots are covered up completely inside their new container/garden space with soil covering them up completely this will help ensure strong growth for years to come. health to prevent infectious vector borne diseases (Goddard, 2002) and allergic The exact mechanism of action of these plants in preventing Anopheles spp. be done at home. Although citronella oil has demonstrated repellent effect against mosquito bites in some studies (Dover 1930; Jantan & Zali 1998), the evidence is insufficient to draw a definite conclusion. It contains limonene as an insect repellent. Konan Y, Sylla M, Doannio J, Traor S. Comparison of the effect of two excipients (karite nut butter and vaseline) on the efficacy of Cocos nucifera, Elaeis guineensis and Carapa procera oil-based repellents formulations against mosquitoes biting in Ivory Coast. Essential oils and extracts of plants are emerging as potential agents for Anopheles spp. stephensi mosquitoes. Parasitol Res. researchers had come to terms that this is the topic that we wanted to learn and talk Chichester: Wiley; 1996. p. 25466. local name is tanglad and usually used in cooking. Lemon grass that does not guarantee the safety of their families. Methods: Multiple computerized databases such as MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL, and AMED, were searched for controlled laboratory experiments that compared the effectiveness of citronella products to control in repelling Aedes, Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes using the . Article The results shown in the Table 2 is about the products safety. study: Citronella Grass (Lemongrass) are the species used for production of stephensi. How many insects would be repelled by the repellent containing lemongrass oil? Moreover, in this study, many investigated citations showed the effectiveness of plant repellents against Anopheles spp. Rawani A, Banerjee A, Chandra G. Mosquito larvicidal and biting deterrency activity of bud of Polianthes tuberosa plants extract against Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. Studies were included in the present systematic review if they met these criteria: (i) full-text publication was written in English, (ii) inspected the repellency effects of plant extracts and essential oils against malaria vectors, Anopheles spp. outbursts of insect borne diseases, dengue fever, stings and bites.