Sulla almost certainly received a normal education for his class, grounded in ancient Greek and Latin classics. Lucius Cornelius Sulla (l. 138 - 78 BCE) enacted his constitutional reforms (81 BCE) as dictator to strengthen the Roman Senate's power. Reason #4: studying primary sources helps students become better citizens. Primary sources how to use them | Services to Schools The Samnite and anti-Sullan commanders were then hunted down as "for all intents and purposes the civil war in Italy was over". When Scipio refused, Sulla let him go. Normally, candidates had to have first served for ten years in the military, but by Sulla's time, this had been superseded by an age requirement. Sources | Legacy of Sulla Wiki | Fandom Family members of the proscribed were not excluded from punishment, and slaves were not excluded from rewards. 213/23 P.Cornelius Sulla is chosen to be Flamen Dialis. Plutarch of Chaeronea in Boeotia (ca. Student Engagement: Primary source materials "help spark students . [106] Roman forces then surrounded the Pontic camp. Due to his meeting the minimum age requirement of thirty, he stood for the quaestorship in 108BC. Plutarch, writing much . [52] He may have stayed in the east until 92BC, when he returned to Rome. In the ensuing fight, Sulla defeated Marius, who consequently fled to Praeneste. [145], His public funeral in Rome (in the Forum, in the presence of the whole city) was on a scale unmatched until that of Augustus in AD 14. [25] After the war started, several Roman commanders were bribed (Bestia and Spurius), and one (Aulus Postumius Albinus) was defeated. [28][29], Under Marius, the Roman forces followed a very similar plan as under Metellus, capturing and garrisoning fortified positions in the African countryside. Primary Sources - An Introductory Guide - Seton Hall University With the capture and execution of Carbo, who had fled Sicily for Egypt, both consuls for 82BC were now dead. He's remembered best for bringing his soldiers into Rome, the killing of Roman citizens, and his military skill in several areas. Further, Sulla failed to frame a settlement whereby the army (following the Marian reforms allowing nonland-owning soldiery) remained loyal to the Senate, rather than to generals such as himself. If you have questions, please consult your instructor or librarian. Primary sources are contrasted with secondary sources, works that provide analysis, commentary, or criticism on the primary source. [76] The troops were willing to follow Sulla to Rome; his officers, however, realised Sulla's plans and deserted him (except his quaestor and kinsman, almost certainly Lucius Licinius Lucullus). A research article or study proving this would be a primary source. primary name: Sulla, Lucius Cornelius other name: Cornelius L f P n Sulla Felix . Sulla hurried in full force towards Rome and there fought the Battle of the Colline Gate on the afternoon of 1 November 82BC. Plutarch - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Possibly to protect himself from future political retribution, Sulla had the sons and grandsons of the proscribed banned from running for political office, a restriction not removed for over 30 years. Types of Sources Explained | Examples & Tips - Scribbr He was, however, defeated. He had one child from this union, before his first wife's death. They are different from secondary sources, accounts that retell, analyze, or interpret events, usually at a distance of time or place." Library of Congress Teacher's Page. Gill. Sulla - World History Encyclopedia These sieges lasted until spring of 86BC. Scipio's army blamed him for the breakdown in negotiations and made it clear to the consul that they would not fight Sulla, who at this point appeared the peacemaker. [73] The consuls, fearful of intimidation of Sulpicius and his armed bodyguards, declared a suspension of public business (iustitium) which led to Sulpicius and his mob forcing the consuls to flee. His primary duty was the defeat of Mithridates and the re-establishment of Roman power in the east. . After one of the other legates was killed by his men, Sulla refused to discipline them except by issuing a proclamation imploring them to show more courage against the enemy. [102] According to the ancient sources, Archelaus commanded between 60,000 and 120,000 men;[103] in the aftermath, he allegedly escaped with only 10,000. to A.D. 68 (1959; 2d ed. [citation needed]. [117] Sulla attempted to open negotiations with Norbanus, who was at Capua, but Norbanus refused to treat and withdrew to Praeneste as Sulla advanced. Primary Source Set World War I - Library of Congress Sulla is generally seen as having set the precedent for Caesar's march on Rome and dictatorship. Fimbria then committed suicide after a failed attempt on Sulla's life. [131] The purge went on for several months. Cornelius Lucius Sulla; Lucius Cornelius Cinna (elder) Marcus Licinius Crassus; Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) Julius Caesar; Marcus . [128], After the battle at the Colline Gate, Sulla summoned the Senate to the temple of Bellona at the Campus Martius. Here are the names and relevant periods for some of the main ancient Latin and Greek sources for Roman history. [104] When the Pontic cavalry attacked to interrupt the earthworks, the Romans almost broke; Sulla personally rallied his men on foot and stabilised the area. Sulla, who opposed the Gracchian popularis reforms, was an optimate; though his coming to the side of the traditional Senate originally could be described as atavistic when dealing with the tribunate and legislative bodies, while more visionary when reforming the court system, governorships, and membership of the Senate. [69], Sulla started his consulship by passing two laws. The Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla - Primary Source Edition Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship. This unusual appointment (used hitherto only in times of extreme danger to the city, such as during the Second Punic War, and then only for 6-month periods) represented an exception to Rome's policy of not giving total power to a single individual. Updated on June 22, 2022 Students. Shortly before Sulla's first consulship, the Romans fought the bloody Social War against their . Making of America. In an harangue to the people, he said, with reference to these measures, that he had proscribed all he could think of, and as to those who now escaped his memory, he would proscribe them at some future time. [146] An epitaph, which Sulla composed himself, was inscribed onto the tomb, reading, "No friend ever served me, and no enemy ever wronged me, whom I have not repaid in full. [38] The next year, Sulla was elected military tribune and served under Marius,[39] and assigned to treat with the Marsi, part of the Germanic invaders, he was able to negotiate their defection from the Cimbri and Teutones. After some days, both sides engaged in battle. Pueblo, CO 81001. [53], Relations between Rome and its allies (the socii), had deteriorated over the years up to 91BC. 133/18 Scipio praises C.Marius. Sulla had his enemies declared hostes, probably from outside the pomerium, and after assembling an assembly where he apologised for the ongoing war, left to fight Carbo in Etruria. Encyclopaedia Romana - Has essays on several aspects of ancient Rome. According only to Appian, he then brought legislation to strengthen the Senate's position in the state and weaken the plebeian tribunes by eliminating the comitia tributa as a legislative body and requiring that tribunes first receive senatorial approval for legislation;[80] some scholars, however, reject Appian's account as mere retrojection of legislation passed during Sulla's dictatorship. 1963), and Stewart Perowne, Death of the Roman Republic: From 146 B.C. The collection currently contains . Continuing towards Scipio's position at Teanum Sidicinum, Sulla negotiated and was almost able to convince Scipio to defect. Moreover, the people knew that Sulla was friends with Bocchus, a rich foreign monarch, and rejected his standing for the praetorship to induce him to spend money on games. At the start of his second consulship in 80BC with Metellus Pius, Sulla resigned his dictatorship. 134/4 C.Marius spends his early life in the countryside near Arpinum. Each actor's story is unique and each brings something important to the ensemble. [111], The peace reached with Mithridates was condemned in ancient times as a betrayal of Roman interests for Sulla's private interest in fighting and winning the coming civil war. Church and W. J. Brodribb. Sulla immediately proscribed 80 persons without communicating with any magistrate. the execution of Granius, shortly before his own death). Also, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, Nero's cousin, was exiled as a potential rival in 58. The constitutional reforms of Sulla were a series of laws enacted by the Roman dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla between 82 and 80 BC, reforming the Constitution of the Roman Republic in a revolutionary way.. Introduction - Primary Sources - LibGuides at CSU Los Angeles [122] Marius, buttressed by Samnite support, fought a long and hard battle with Sulla at Sacriportus that resulted in defeat when five of his cohorts defected. [56] When the pro-Italian plebeian tribune Marcus Livius Drusus was assassinated in 91BC while trying again to pass a bill extending Roman citizenship, the Italians revolted. They were, however, successful in holding Macedonia, then governed by propraetor Gaius Sentius and his legate Quintus Bruttius Sura. [2023] Welcome to The Internet History Sourcebooks Project, a collection of public domain and copy-permitted historical texts presented cleanly (without advertising or excessive layout) for educational use. Primary sources are documents, images, relics, or other works that provide firsthand details of a historical or scientific event. Sulla also wanted to reduce the risk that a future general might attempt to seize power, as he himself had done. Examples include interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. La riunione periodica sulla sicurezza e la salute dei lavoratori: chi The ancient biography of Sulla written by Plutarch is useful. His enemy, Lucius Cornelius Cinna, was elected consul for 87BC in place of his candidate;[83] his nephew was rejected as plebeian tribune while Marius' nephew was successful. [89] After Octavius induced the senate to outlaw Cinna, Cinna suborned the army besieging Nola and induced the Italians again to rise up. [citation needed], The second law concerned the sponsio, which was the sum in dispute in cases of debt, and usually had to be lodged with the praetor before the case was heard. [26] Sulla was assigned by lot to his staff. From this distance, Sulla remained out of the day-to-day political activities in Rome, intervening only a few times when his policies were involved (e.g. [21], This article is about the Roman dictator. [61] But after Cato's death in battle with the Marsi,[62] Sulla was prorogued pro consule and placed in supreme command of the southern theatre. After the battle, Marius withdrew to Praeneste and was there besieged. Marius - in ancient sources @ attalus.org With Sulpicius able to enact legislation without consular opposition, Sulla discovered that Marius had tricked him, for the first piece of legislation Sulpicius brought was a law transferring the command against Mithridates to Marius. [76][77] They then killed Marcus Gratidius, one of Marius' legates, when Gratidius attempted to effect the transfer of command. Throughout the research process, you'll likely use various types of sources. sulla primary sources Primary and Secondary Sources: What's the Difference? However, if you were studying how compact fluorescent light bulbs are presented in the popular media, the magazine article could be considered a primary source. The proceeds from auctioned property more than made up for the cost of rewarding those who killed the proscribed, filling the treasury. When it came to hiding his intentions, his mind was incredibly unfathomable, yet with all else he was extremely generous; especially with money. [42], Victorious, Marius and Catulus were both granted triumphs as the commanding generals. [48] The Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, was executed upon his return to Parthia for allowing this humiliation; the Parthians, however, ratified the treaty reached, which established the Euphrates as a clear boundary between Parthia and Rome. porterville unified school district human resources; Tags . to the Birth of the Roman Empire (1969). [112] However, this and Sulla's delay in Asia are "not enough to absolve him of the charge of being more concerned with revenge on opponents in Italy than with Mithridates". Finally, Sulla revoked the power of the tribunes to veto acts of the Senate, although he left intact the tribunes' power to protect individual Roman citizens. A primary source is a first-hand or contemporary account of an event or topic. Catulus, with Sulla, moved to block their advance; the two men likely cooperated well. Secondary sources are interpretations of history. Guide. . Primary sources are available here primarily for use in high-school and university/college courses. Primary sources in history are often created by people who witnessed, participated in, or were otherwise close to a particular event. Websites. He then fought successfully against Germanic tribes during the Cimbrian War, and Italian allies during the Social War. At the same time, Marius had annihilated the Cimbri's allies, the Teutones, at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae. As Sulla viewed the office, the tribunate was especially dangerous, and his intention was to not only deprive the Tribunate of power, but also of prestige (Sulla himself had been officially deprived of his eastern command through the underhanded activities of a tribune). [130], In total control of the city and its affairs, Sulla instituted a series of proscriptions (a program of executing and confiscating the property of those whom he perceived as enemies of the state). He then sailed for Italy at the head of 1,200 ships. Speeches, diaries, letters and interviews - what the people involved said or . [141][140][142][143][144] Accounts were also written that he had an infestation of worms, caused by the ulcers, which led to his death. You can limit HOLLIS searches to your time period, but sources may be published later, such as a person's diary published posthumously. [61] Pompeii was taken some time during the year, along with Stabiae and Aeclanum; with the capture of Aeclanum, Sulla forced the Hirpini to surrender. Lucius Cornelius Sulla "Felix" (138-78 B.C.) - ThoughtCo He could acknowledge the law as valid. Primary Sources are immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct connection with it. Historical documents : how to read them. [88] Political violence in Rome continued even in Sulla's absence. [115] Sulla, buoyed by his previous looting in Asia, was able to advance quickly and largely without the ransacking of the Italian countryside. [40], In 102BC, the invaders returned and moved to force the Alps. [86] He then left Italy with his troops without delay, ignoring legal summons and taking over command from a legate in Macedonia. [21] Regardless, by the standards of the Roman political class, Sulla was a very poor man. [125], Carbo, who had suffered defeats by Metellus Pius and Pompey, attempted to redeploy so to relieve his co-consul Marius at Praeneste. The young Gaius Julius Caesar, as Cinna's son-in-law, became one of Sulla's targets, and fled the city. [139][140], Sulla's goal now was to write his memoirs, which he finished in 78 BC, just before his death. Secondary sources include: Essays analyzing novels, works of art, and other original creations. To do so would mean total humiliation at the hands of his opponents, the end of his political career, and perhaps even further danger to his life. [19] Plutarch mentions that during his last marriage to Valeria, he still kept company with "actresses, musicians, and dancers, drinking with them on couches night and day.[20]. [59] Sulla served as one of the legates in the southern theatre assigned to consul Lucius Julius Caesar. He had close connections to the imperial family and was the husband of Antonia, Claudius's daughter, and might thus have been seen as a threat to Nero. [67], Sulla's election to the consulship, successful likely due to his military success in 89BC, was not uncontested. To further solidify the prestige and authority of the Senate, Sulla transferred the control of the courts from the equites, who had held control since the Gracchi reforms, to the senators. "[158], His excesses and penchant for debauchery could be attributed to the difficult circumstances of his youth, such as losing his father while he was still in his teens and retaining a doting stepmother, necessitating an independent streak from an early age. [93] News of these conquests reached Rome in the autumn of 89BC, leading the Senate and people to declare war; actual preparations for war were, however, delayed: after Sulla was given the command, it took him some eighteen months to organise five legions before setting off; Rome was also severely strained financially. Identifying and locating primary sources can be challenging. History has portrayed them as being emblematic for a generation of chaos in Roman society. Hind 1992, p.150 dismisses claims in Plutarch and Vellius Paterclus of Athens being forced to cooperate with Mithridates as "very hollow" and "apologia". . [37], Starting in 104BC, Marius moved to reform the defeated Roman armies in southern Gaul. [74], During the violence, Sulla was forced to shelter in Marius' nearby house (later denied in his memoirs). As this caused a general murmur, he let one day pass, and then proscribed 220 more, and again on the third day as many. under Gaius Marius in the wars against the Numidian rebel Jugurtha. The hundreds of thousands of men who enlisted . The next year, 96BC, he assigned "probably pro consule as was customary" to Cilicia in Asia Minor. However, his candidature was dealt a blow when he was brought up on charges of extorting Ariobarzanes. "[147] Plutarch claims he had seen Sulla's personal motto carved on his tomb on the Campus Martius. A primary source (also called original . Resigning his dictatorship in 79 BC, Sulla retired to private life and died the following year. Primary and Secondary Sources: How Should They Be Used? Archelaus tried to break out but were unsuccessful; Sulla then annihilated the Pontic army and captured its camp. His troops prepared the ground by starting to dig a series of three trenches, which successfully contained Pontic cavalry. Graduate Admissions - New York University Killing Cluentius before the city's walls, Sulla then invested the town and for his efforts was awarded a grass crown, the highest Roman military honour. Marius, an Italian by birth rather than a pure Roman, was a relative newcomer to the Roman elite, and he was considered an outsider by the Senate fathers. His troops were sufficiently impressed by his leadership that they hailed him imperator. Sulla, meanwhile, had to allow matters to unfold beyond his control. [129], Sulla had his stepdaughter Aemilia (daughter of princeps senatus Marcus Aemilius Scaurus) married to Pompey, although she shortly died in childbirth. [45][46], While governing Cilicia, Sulla received orders from the Senate to restore Ariobarzanes to the throne of Cappadocia. Internet History Sourcebooks Project: Ancient History - Fordham University sulla primary sources. There is no single tool that will find everything at UCR, but a good start is to reach . [100], In the summer of 86BC, two major battles were fought in Boeotia. Historian Suetonius records that when agreeing to spare Caesar, Sulla warned those who were pleading his case that he would become a danger to them in the future, saying, "In this Caesar, there are many Mariuses. Lucius Cornelius Sulla | Nemesis of the Roman Empire | Study.com He was awarded the Grass Crown for his bravery at the Battle of Nola. In, Constitutional reforms of Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic, L. Cornelius (392) L. f. P. n. Sulla Felix ('Epaphroditus'), Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulla&oldid=1142439185. The tools are designed to support 3 levels of critical thinking and inquiry skills (explore, analyse and critically analyse) for years 1 to 13. However, this material may be located in a number of places including in the library, elsewhere on campus, or even online. Sulla marched to Praeneste and forced its siege to a close, with the younger Marius dead from suicide before its surrender. There, Sulla attacked him in an indecisive battle. Sallust - Spartacus Educational [66] Buttressed by success against Rome's traditional enemies, the Samnites, and general Roman victory across Italy, Sulla stood for and was elected easily to the consulship of 88BC; his colleague would be Quintus Pompeius Rufus. The Black Death: The Plague, 1331-1770 - University of Iowa Capturing the city, Sulla had it destroyed. In art, literature, and cultural studies, primary sources . Sulla's Reforms as Dictator - World History Encyclopedia [127] Sulla himself was defeated and forced to flee into his camp, but his lieutenant Crassus on the right wing won the battle in the night. A Timeline of the Wars of Marius and Sulla | History Hit [101], Sulla decamped his army from Attica toward central Greece. Or he could attempt to reverse it and regain his command. The Battle of Chaeronea was fought in early summer around the same time the Athenian acropolis was taken. The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. Late in the year, Sulla cooperated with Marius (who was a legate in the northern theatre) in the northern part of southern Italy to defeat the Marsi: Marius defeated the Marsi, sending them headlong into Sulla's waiting forces. Regardless, if he had immediate plans for a consulship, they were forced into the background at the outbreak of war. Marius, offering his services to Cinna, helped levy troops. They are often based on primary sources. Sulla then prohibited ex-tribunes from ever holding any other office, so ambitious individuals would no longer seek election to the tribunate, since such an election would end their political career. Washington, DC, March 19, 2013 - The U.S. invasion of Iraq turned out to be a textbook case of flawed assumptions, wrong-headed intelligence, propaganda manipulation, and administrative ad hockery, according to the National Security Archive's briefing book of declassified documents posted today to mark the 10 th anniversary of the war. Sulla then duly besieged the city. Lucius Cornelius Sulla | YourDictionary La riunione periodica sulla sicurezza e la salute dei lavoratori deve essere convocata dal datore di lavoro e devono partecipare almeno il rappresentante dei lavoratori per la sicurezza (RLS) e il medico competente. On each line there is a link to the page where the name can be found. Sarah Cooper teaches 8th grade U.S. history and is assistant head for academic life at Flintridge Preparatory School in La Canada, Calif. Sarah is the . was a major figure in the late Roman Republic. His family was patrician, part of the ruling class in ancient Rome. Social War, also called Italic War, or Marsic War, (90-89 bc), rebellion waged by ancient Rome's Italian allies (socii) who, denied the Roman franchise, fought for independence. Marius, Sulla, and the Fall of the Roman Republic Later political leaders such as Julius Caesar would follow his precedent in attaining political power through force. With Mithridates' armies in Europe almost entirely destroyed, Archelaus and Sulla negotiated a set of relatively cordial peace terms which were then forwarded to Mithridates. Primary sources are original . [90] By the end of 87BC, Cinna and Marius had besieged Rome and taken the city, killed consul Gnaeus Octavius, massacred their political enemies, and declared Sulla an outlaw; they then had themselves elected consuls for 86BC. [116] Advancing on Capua, he met the two consuls of that year Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus and Gaius Norbanus who had dangerously divided their forces. Of the twelve outlaws, only Sulpicius was killed after being betrayed by a slave. Biographies of historical and famous people. [70][71] They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. He brought Pompeii under siege. The Steamboat Adventure. Marius and Sulla are very curious figures in the late Roman Republic. The allies in central and southern Italy had fought side by side with Rome in several wars and had grown restive under Roman autocratic rule, wanting instead Roman citizenship and the privileges it conferred. By the end of the war, the SSA had conscripted over 2.8 million American men. He can hardly have been in any doubt. Primary research gives you direct access to the subject of your research. Internet History Sourcebooks: Modern History - Fordham University Finally, in a demonstration of his absolute power, Sulla expanded the Pomerium, the sacred boundary of Rome, unchanged since the time of the kings. [75], Speaking to the men, Sulla complained to them of the outrageous behaviour of Marius and Sulpicius. Sulla would ratify Mithridates' position in Pontus and have him declared a Roman ally. Publius Cornelius Rufinus, one of Sulla's ancestors and also the last member of his family to be consul, was banished from the Senate after having been caught possessing more than 10 pounds of silver plate. Sulla's body was cremated and his ashes placed in his tomb in the Campus Martius. Ancient Historians of Roman History - ThoughtCo He hinted to them that Marius would find other men to fight Mithridates, forcing them to give up opportunities to plunder the East, claims which were "surely false".